Donaldson Lufkin and Jenrette Securities Corp. (DLJ), retained by National Gypsum Company in its Chapter 11 bankruptcy reorganization, appeals the district court's affirmance of the bankruptcy court's fee order reducing the final DLJ fee from $2,400,000 to $2,000,000. Because we read the bankruptcy court's initial order to approve an agreed fee for DLJ, the court was required to follow § 328 instead of § 330 of the Bankruptcy Code. (11 U.S.C.) The fee order is reversed.

National Gypsum Company as the debtor-in-possession recorded its agreement with DLJ for professional services in a detailed letter dated April 16, 1991. The agreed compensation to DLJ was to be $125,000 per month. Application was made to the bankruptcy court for approval of this retention agreement, and the court's order of June 20, 1991 granted that approval "upon the terms and conditions of that certain engagement letter dated April 16, 1991." The order ended with these words: "The Court retains the right to consider and approve the reasonableness and amount of DLJ's fees on both an interim and final basis."

Three subsequent orders were entered by the bankruptcy court during the 23 months of the Chapter 11 reorganization, all approving extension of the retention agreement under the terms and conditions set forth in the original order of June 20, 1991. In three applications for interim payments by DLJ, it set forth the full $125,000 per month obligation. When the final application was made on June 7, 1993, DLJ claimed, by virtue of the agreed monthly fee, $2,825,000 beyond the amount of the previous interim payments. National Gypsum Company raised objections to that amount, and all parties then agreed to a balance owing DLJ of $2,400,000. However, after a hearing, the bankruptcy court reduced the amount allowed to $2,000,000 as its judgment of reasonable compensation in the light of hourly compensation that had been allowed in similar bankruptcy cases in the same district. The district court affirmed the bankruptcy court's order on the ground that the latter did not abuse its discretion in analyzing the reasonableness of the fees under § 330. The district court ruled that § 328 was inapplicable because the order of the bankruptcy court was conditioned upon final approval by that court of the reasonableness of the compensation.

Prior to 1978 the most able professionals were often unwilling to work for bankruptcy estates where their compensation would be subject to the uncertainties of what a judge thought the work was worth after it had been done.1 That uncertainty continues under the present § 330 of the Bankruptcy Code, which provides that the court award to professional consultants "reasonable compensation" based on relevant factors of time and comparable costs, etc. Under present § 328 the professional may avoid that uncertainty by obtaining court approval of compensation agreed to with the trustee (or debtor or committee). Thereafter, that approved compensation may be changed only for the following reason: "Notwithstanding such terms and conditions, the court may allow compensation different from the compensation provided under such terms and conditions after the conclusion of such employment, if such terms and conditions prove to have been improvident in light of developments not capable of being anticipated at the time of the fixing of such terms and conditions."

The court must therefore set the compensation award either according to § 328 or § 330. If prior approval is given to a certain compensation, § 328 controls and the court starts with that approved compensation, modifying it only for developments unforeseen when originally approved. If the most competent professionals are to be available for complicated capital restructuring and the development of successful corporate reorganization, they must know what they will receive for their expertise and commitment. Courts must protect those agreements and expectations, once found to be acceptable.

In June of 1991 the bankruptcy court could have refused to approve the compensation to which National Gypsum Company and DLJ had agreed. The court could have approved the retention of DLJ and, if DLJ would accede, left the award of compensation to be set by the court according to § 330. The court did not do this. It expressly approved the terms of the agreement. The reasonableness of those terms, in the event of anticipated circumstances and performance, was decided.2 By retaining "the right to consider and approve the reasonableness and amount of DLJ's fees on both an interim and final basis," the court merely recited its control of the compensation in the event of subsequent and unanticipated circumstances affecting the reasonableness of that agreed fee.

While we do not reach the question, we assume the award of the bankruptcy court would have been within its discretion when the agreed compensation was disregarded.

We reverse the order and remand the case for an award complying with § 328.

REVERSED and REMANDED.